摘要

地铁以其经济、快速、准时和低碳等优点，逐渐成为越来越多城市公共交通发展的主要方式。但随着城市地铁建设的迅速发展，突发情况下乘客的安全疏散问题愈来愈引起人们重视。因其整体结构位于地下，空间相对狭小和封闭，加上乘客聚集且情绪不稳定，都导致疏散难度的不断增大。所以针对地铁车站突发情况下的乘客安全疏散研究显得非常重要。

但传统的计算机仿真模拟方法在研究安全疏散问题时存在着一些不足，如仿真模拟的环境模型不精确等，而基于BIM的地铁车站安全疏散仿真模拟不仅可以提供准确、全面、与实际情况一模一样的疏散环境模型，从而提高疏散结果的精确性，而且还支持疏散模拟过程的三维可视化展示。

本文以此为研究背景，通过文献研究、实地调研、理论与实践相结合等研究方法，对BIM技术应用于地铁车站火灾安全疏散模拟研究进行探讨，得到了以下结论：

1、普通的设计BIM模型或竣工BIM模型无法满足疏散模拟对于精确模型的要求，提出建立地铁车站疏散BIM模型，并从信息需求、获取和表达的角度详细阐述了地铁车站疏散BIM模型的建模过程。

2、在分析基于BIM的安全疏散仿真模拟优势和可行性的基础上，提出了BIM技术应用于地铁车站火灾安全疏散研究的具体实施方案。其中，除了针对地铁车站乘客的疏散行为进行分析外，还考虑到火灾对疏散人员的实时影响，建立了一种火灾与人员交互作用的人群疏散仿真模型——扩展非均匀的格子气模型。在方案研究中，解决了疏散BIM模型与疏散算法模型对接的问题，并基于Unity3D平台实现了将疏散过程的在BIM模型中的三维可视化展示。

3、选取某实际工程项目进行实证研究，证明了基于BIM的地铁车站火灾安全疏散模拟对于提高疏散结果精确性有客观的效果，并且疏散模拟过程的可视化程度更高，更直观，也更容易使人接受，最后通过对疏散结果的分析向地铁安全运营提出了若干建议。

关键词：建筑信息模型地铁车站火灾疏散仿真模拟

Abstract

Thesubway has gradually become the main means of public transport development inmore and more cities because of its economic and rapid and punctual andlow-carbon advantages. However, with the rapid development of urban subwayconstruction, the safety evacuation of passengers in an emergency situation hasattracted more and more attention. The subway station’s overall structure islocated in the underground, its space is relatively small and closed, and it isalways gathered by the passengers. These three factors have led to theincreasing difficulty of the evacuation. So it is very important to study onthe safety evacuation of passengers in the subway station.

Inthe research of safety evacuation, the computer simulation method itself hassome shortcomings, such as the simulation environment model is not accurateandso on. However, the safety evacuation simulation in the subway station based onBIM can not only provide accurate and comprehensive evacuation environmentmodel to improve the accuracy of the evacuation results, but also support for3D visualization display of the evacuation simulation process.

This paper based on this background, with the researchmethods of literature research, field research, combination of theories andpractice, discussed the fire safety evacuation in the subway station based onBIM, obtained the following conclusions:

1、BIMmodels in stage of design and completion are both unable to meet therequirement of accurate model, so it is proposed to establish BIM models specificallyfor evacuation simulationin Subway Station, and than it describesthe modeling process in detail from the perspective of information needs,access and expression.

2、Based onthe analysis of the advantages and feasibility of the BIM-based safetyevacuation simulation, the implementation plan which will apply BIM technology tothe fire safety evacuation in the subway station research is put forward. Firstly, we analysethe evacuation behavior of passengers in the subwaystation. Secondly, in order to study evacuation processes under fire emergency,an agent-based fire and pedestrian interaction model (FPI model) is proposed,which is named by an extended heterogeneous lattice gas (E-HLG) model. Thirdly,we find a solution to the problem that how BIM model and algorithm modelinteract with each other. Lastly, we realize the 3D visualization display of the evacuationsimulation processin BIM model by Unity3D.

3、we select a practical project for empirical study.It is proved that the introduction of BIM technology has an objective effect toimprove the accuracy of the evacuation results. The new methrod also makes theevacuation simulation process well visualized and easier to accept. At last,some usefull suggestions are put forward to the subway operation departments.

Key words：BuildingInformation Modeling,SubwayStation, Fire, Evacuation, Computersimulation