建筑工人抹灰作业姿势分析与评价研究

向前明

摘 要

近年来，建筑领域以人为本的理念已逐渐成熟，在对4M1E的关注中，关于人的因素的研究主要集中在人的职业行为、技能培训、思想教育等方面。建筑业重视对质量、效率的提高，更加重视的是工人的安全状态，却较少重视工人的自身健康。但是，在实际施工过程中仍然存在着大量的体力作业，作业时间长、施工环境差、工作量大等因素直接影响着施工现场工人的舒适度和疲劳感，因此人在施工过程中机体自身的健康、舒适程度同样值得重视。而在作业姿势的研究方面，国内外建筑领域也开始有了一些对身体疲劳和损伤的研究，但大多数局限于宏观层面。目前，对于施工工序再细分下的微观层面——工人作业姿势、施工动作与身体疲劳、舒适度等的研究较少。因此，丰富和完善建筑业某一具体工种作业姿势的相关理论分析与评价，对于加强施工现场建筑工人的身体安全健康防护具有一定的理论指导意义。

首先，本文搜集了作业姿势的相关理论，了解了作业姿势与人体机能的关系、作业姿势的设计及选择原则、作业姿势的记录和评价方法等。然后，以抹灰工种为例，采用调查问卷、现场咨询相结合的方法，对抹灰作业进行了现场调研，熟悉了抹灰施工的工艺流程，提出了施工动作（动素）理论，并对抹灰过程进行了施工动作分解；此外，了解了抹灰工人作业姿势的舒适度现状，并运用摄影测量的方法获取抹灰作业姿势的相关数据。接着，基于CATIA软件的人机工程学与设计分析模块，建立了抹灰作业的虚拟人体模型，利用软件仿真模拟设置抹灰工人的作业姿势，并对抹灰作业姿势进行了RULA分析。最后，通过上肢姿势的不舒适度仿真实验，以部分关节姿势角度为自变量建立了抹灰工人上肢姿势的不舒适度模型，并结合现场调查搜集的数据，对抹灰工人上肢部分关节作业姿势的不舒适度进行了定量评价。

本文以建筑业某一具体工种——抹灰工种为例，通过对抹灰工人作业姿势的调研、施工动作（动素）分解和不舒适度的分析与评价，所得结论将为建筑领域从施工动作（动素）层面来研究保护工人的安全健康提供理论指导，对建筑业从保护人机体自身的角度来预防和缓解建筑作业安全问题有一定实际意义，有利于倡导建筑业“以人为本，安全发展”的理念和建筑业的可持续发展。

关键词： 抹灰  作业姿势 CATIA 不舒适度 分析评价

Abstract

In recent years, the concept of people-oriented has gradually matured in the field of construction, and the research on human factors in the attention of 4M1E mainly focuses on people's professional behavior, skills training, thinking education and other aspects. The construction industries attach great importance to the improvement of quality and efficiency, and pay more attention to the safety of workers, pay less attention to their own health. However, there still exist a lot of artificial operation in actual construction process. The intensive labor, long working hours and poor working conditions, as well as a large amount of work make a direct effect on the workers’ comfort and fatigue in the construction site. Therefore, the body's health and comfortable degree is also worthy of being paid attention to. In the aspect of the study of working posture, there have been some researches on physical fatigue and injury in the construction field at home and abroad, but most of them are confined to the macro level. At present, there are few researches on the micro aspects of the subdivision of construction process, such as workers' working posture, construction motion and physical fatigue and comfort. Therefore, it has certain theoretical guiding significance for the construction workers to strengthen physical safety and health protection by enriching and perfecting the relevant theoretical analysis and evaluation of the working posture of a specific work in the construction site.

First of all, this paper collected relevant theories of the working posture, knew the relationship between the working posture and the function of the body, the design and selection principles, records and evaluation method of the working posture, etc. Then, took building plasterer for example, using the questionnaires and on-site consulting, an investigation was carried out on the plasterers, became familiar with plaster construction process, put forward the construction element of movement theory, and probed into the rendering process construction movement decomposition; In addition, knew the present situation of the comfort of the working posture, and used photogrammetric method to collect the relevant data of the working posture. Then, based on ergonomics and the design analysis module of CATIA software, set up the virtual human body model of plasterer, used the software to set up the workers’ working posture, and carried out the RULA analysis on plasterer. Finally, through the experiment of discomfort of the Upper Limb working posture of plaster workers, took part joint angles as the independent variable, combined with the collected data from construction site, established the upper limb posture discomfort model of plaster workers, carried out the quantitative evaluation of discomfort on part joints of plaster workers.

Based on a particular type of work - plaster work , through the researches of working posture of plaster workers, construction motion (Element of movement)decomposition and the analysis and evaluation of discomfort, the conclusion will provide theoretical guidance to construction from the aspect of construction action (Element of movement)to study the protection of the workers' safety and health, It also has certain practical significance for the construction industry to prevent and mitigate construction work safety problem from the perspective of protecting the body, it is good for construction industries to advocate the concept of "people-oriented, safety development" and the sustainable development.

Keywords: Plaster Working posture CATIA Discomfort Analysis and evaluation