基于认知的建筑工人心理负荷响应及干预方案研究

邢雪娇

摘要

近年来发生的建筑施工安全事故中，90%以上是由于人的不安全行为造成的。从认知科学的角度，认知失效是引发不安全行为的重要原因。情绪与精神疲劳等心理负荷是引起建筑工人认知环节失效、导致其选择不正确行为方式，进而引发施工安全事故、造成职业伤害的重要因素。因此，进行面向建筑工人情绪与精神疲劳等维度的心理负荷干预管理具有重要意义。本文综合个体认知及安全行为科学、基于认知理论的不安全行为产生机理、基于认知神经科学的不安全行为管理等理论基础，考虑建筑施工现场“人 作业 环境”这一复杂系统各要素间的交互作用，应用认知神经科学的方法，进行“环境→人”及“作业→人”途径的建筑工人情绪及精神疲劳响应特征分析。进一步地，考虑施工现场环境与施工作业特点对个体行为与认知能力的影响机理，探索针对性干预方案构建的背后理论机制。以微 观研究规律指导宏观管理决策，支持将个体心理负荷与认知感知作为新的变量加入到职业健康管理及施工现场安全管理中。本文主要研究内容为：

（1）研究一：工程强噪声环境下建筑工人心理负荷响应研究。考虑施工现场环境对建筑工人心理负荷的影响作用，选定“工程强噪声环境”条件下的建筑工人心理负荷响应为具体研究对象。通过设定认知神经科学实验范式，重点考察了建筑工人在该条件下的噪声烦恼发展及适应性机制。研究表明个体在噪声感知、噪声敏感、噪声适应等方面存在个体差异，在此基础上，建立了基于个体综合生理反应的噪声烦恼度评估模型，可应用于工人岗前筛选等干预管理措施。

（2）研究二：工程体脑力负荷下建筑工人心理负荷响应研究。考虑施工作业对建筑工人心理负荷的影响作用，选定“工程体脑力负荷”条件下的建筑工人心理负荷响应为具体研究对象。基于体脑力需求型施工作业特点及对工人的心理状态与能力要求，通过设定认知神经科学实验范式，重点考察了建筑工人在该条件下的精神疲劳特征。研究表明体脑力需求型施工活动涉及认知资源分配问题，高强度体力任务对精神疲劳发展具有促进作用。最后，考虑不同类型疲劳状态下施工安全事故的引发路径以及综合疲劳管理思路，提出体脑力工作量控制、排程控制等干预管理措施。

（3）研究三：工程特种作业要求下建筑工人心理负荷干预研究。考虑施工现场环境与施工作业对建筑工人心理负荷的综合影响作用，选定“工程特种作业”条件下的建筑工人心理负荷干预为具体研究对象。设定认知神经科学实验范式，重点考察了主动干预下的建筑工人心理负荷响应特征从认知神经科学的角度揭示了针对性干预方案构建的背后理论机制。研究表明工程特种作业的工作特点及所处工作环境易诱导个体具有特定心理负荷特征，相对被动自我调节，针对性主动调节干预具有显著积极作用。

最后，综合理论基础与实验研究结论，构建了建筑工人心理负荷干预方案辅助决策模型，促进微观层面的研究成果更好地指导宏观管理决策。本文研究成果期望为建筑工人心理负荷干预管理的深入研究与工程实践应用提供理论与方法借鉴。通过推进建筑工人情绪及精神疲劳维度的职业健康管理及施工现场安全管理，有助于提高工人施工操作的可靠性、减少职业伤害、提升安全管理绩效。

关键词：建筑工人 心理负荷响应；情绪；精神疲劳；认知理论；干预方案

Abstract

In recent years, more than 90% of casualties in the construction industry were caused by humans' unsafe behaviors. From the perspective of cognitive theories, the cognitive failure is an important cause of unsafe behaviors. Human mental load (e.g., emotion and mental fatigue) is one of the key factors leading to cognitive failures of construction workers, with incorrect behaviors choosed and construction accidents caused. Therefore, the mental load intervention and management of construction workers in the dimension of emotion and mental fatigue is important. Theories related to individual cognition and safety behavior science, mechanisms of unsafe behaviors from the cognitive perspective, and unsafe behavior management based on cognitive neuroscience were analyzed. Considering the interaction among elements of the "Person - Occupation - Environment" system on construction sites, using cognitive neuroscience methods, responses of construction workers' emotion and mental fatigue were analyzed through paths of "Environment → Person" and "Occupation → Person". Further, considering influences of the external environment and construction occupation on human behavior and cognitive ability, theoretical mechanisms of targeted intervention strategy formulation were explored. Main research contents are as follows:

(1) Study 1: responses of construction workers' mental load under strong noise environment. Considering the influence of construction environment on construction workers' mental load, mental load responses under "strong noise environment" condition were selected as the specific research object of this study. By implementing cognitive experiments, development and adaptation mechanisms of noise annoyance were investigated. The study shows that there are individual differences in noise perception, noise sensitivity, noise adaptation and other aspects. Then, an evaluation model of noise annoyance based on individual comprehensive physiological responses was established, which can be applied to pre-work worker screening or other intervention management measures.

(2) Study 2: responses of construction workers' mental load under physical and mental load. Considering the influence of construction occupation on construction workers' mental load, mental load responses under "physical and mental load" condition were selected as the specific research object of this study. Based on characteristics of the occupation under physical and mental load, considering the psychological state and ability requirements of workers, mental fatigue responses of construction workers were investigated by implementing cognitive experiments. The study shows that physical- and mental-demanding construction activities involve the allocation of cognitive resources. Besides, high-intensity physical tasks can promote the development of mental fatigue. Finally, considering construction accident initiation paths of different types of fatigue and the comprehensive fatigue management, intervention management measures (e.g., physical- and mental-workload control and scheduling control) were put forward.

(3) Study 3: intervention strategies of construction workers' mental load under the requirement of special engineering operations. Considering the influence of construction environment and occupation on construction workers' mental load, mental load interventions under "special engineering operation" condition were selected as the specific research object of this study. By implementing cognitive experiments, responses of construction workers' mental load under active interventions were investigated. From the perspective of cognitive neuroscience, theoretical mechanisms of targeted intervention strategy formulation were revealed. The study shows that characteristics of special engineering operation and its working environment can induce individuals with specific mental load responses. Compared with passive self-regulation, the active intervention of workers' mental load has positive and significant effects.

Finally, combining theoretical foundation and experimental conclusions, a decision aiding model of intervention strategy formulation on construction workers' mental load was established. In this way, research results at the micro level can better guide the macro management. It is expected that the research results can serve as the theoretical foundation and reference for the in-depth research and practical applications of the intervention and management of construction workers' mental load. Through promoting the occupational health management and safety management on construction sites from dimensions of emotion and mental fatigue, the reliability of workers' construction operations can be improved with less occupational injuries. Further, the safety management level can be improved.

Keywords：Construction worker, Mental load response, Emotion, Mental fatigue, Cognitive theory, Intervention strategy