摘  要

21 世纪，世界各国普遍认识到：解决城市的交通问题的根本出路在于优先发展以轨道交通为骨干的城市公共交通系统。城市轨道交通以其运量大、快速、准点、环保等特点，在解决城市交通拥堵，改善城市空间结构，保护城市环境和促进城市可持续发展等方面有重要作用。但是，从各城市轨道交通的建设经营现状看，大多数轨道交通处于政府补贴状态，赢利水平低，目前只有香港、伦敦、东京私铁等少数几家运营盈利。

   作为准公共产品，轨道交通具有巨大的正外部性。本文从西方经济学的角度，对这些外部性进行了分类、分析、评估和内在化对策研究，以期实现城市轨道交通负外部性的最小化和正外部性的内在化，城市轨道交通供给的良性循环。

   首先，从外部性的影响效果，将城市轨道交通外部性分为正外部性和负外部性，论述了城市轨道交通的负外部性及其对策。从供给主体的效益出发，进一步将正外部性分为直接正外部性和间接正外部性，如果将直接正外部效应内在化，轨道交通公司盈利将成为可能。接着论证了土地增值是最大的直接正外部性，并运用地租理论，论述了城市轨道交通对沿线土地增值机制。

   其次，介绍了城市轨道交通外部性的评估方法，包括条件价值法、运输成本与地价理论和特征价格法等；着重论述了特征价格法，建立了以武汉轻轨为例基于特征价格法的城市轨道交通对沿线土地增值评估模型。

   最后，运用外部性内在化理论和城市经营理论，提出了城市轨道交通外部性内在化的三种对策：根据庇古的观点，征收房地产税或推行年地租制；从城市经营的理论的角度，应进行轨道交通与土地利用一体规划；根据科斯的观点，赋予轨道交通公司沿线地产的开发权，进行联合开发。

关键词：城市轨道交通   外部性   公共产品   内在化   土地增值   特征价格法

Abstract

   Twenty  first  century,  it  is  generally  realized  by  all  the  countries  in  the  world  thatdeveloping  the  public  transit  system  is  the  fundamental  way  to  solve  the  city  transitproblem.  The  urban  rail  transit  is  characteristic  in  large  transit  quality,  quick  rapid  andgood  environment  protection,  so  it  takes  great  effect  in solving  city  transit  jams,improving  city  space  structure,  protecting  city  environment  and  promoting  citysustainable development. Howeveraccording to the constructing and operating actuality,most urban rail transits are still allowanced by the government with a low profit except Honkong, London and Tokyo.         As quasi city public goods, the urban rail transit has great externality. According toWestern  Economics ， this  paper make  a  classifying,  analyzing,  evaluating  andinternalizing research on the externality, in order to minimize the negative externality of the urban rail transit and maximize the positive one.

   Firstly,  the  urban  rail  transit  externality  is  classified  into  the  positive  and  thenegative  according  to the  effect  of  the  externality  influence.  For  the  negative,countermeasures  are  presented  respectively.  According to  the  benefit  of  the  supplysubject,  the  positive  externality  is  classified  into  the  direct  positive  externality  of  theurban rail transit and the indirect one. It would be possible for the rail transit to make aprofit  if  the direct  positive  externality  be  internalized.  Consequently, it is demonstratedthat  the  land  increment  is  biggest  direct  externality.  The  land  increment  theory  is dissertated by using Land Tax Theory.             Secondly,  this  paper  presents  the  appraisal  method  of  the  urban  rail  transitexternality,  including  ContingentValue  Method,  Land  Price  Function  Model, TransitCost  and  Land  Price  theory,  and  Hedonic  Price  Method. Primarily,  Hedonic  Price Method is presented in detail and the HPM of WuHan Rail Transit is established.

       Finally, by using the theory and city management theory, this paper puts forward thecountermeasures  to  internalize  the  positive  externality  inter  internality,  which  are  asfollowing:  Imposing  real  estate  tax  and  annual  land  tax  as  Pigou’s  view;  Having  anintegrative  zoning  between  rail  transit  and  land  use  as  city  management  theory;  As Coase’s view, having a joint development by enduing the rail transit company with thedeveloping right along the rail transit line.

   Key words: urban rail transit    externality    public goods    internality land price increment    Hedonic Price Method