BIM环境下集成用户行为的建筑能耗设计研究

陈宁宁

摘要

随着建筑能耗在社会总能耗的占比呈持续增长趋势，世界各国愈加重视对建筑能耗的预测分析与运营控制。而建筑能耗预测精度与控制效果受到维护结构、HVAC（Heating,Ventilation and Air Condition）系统和用户行为等多方面因素的影响。目前，学者们在建筑能耗预测领域做了大量的研究与实践工作，分析不同因素对能耗的影响。但针对用户行为因素的研究与应用，多集中在建筑的运营阶段，而在建筑设计阶段，集成用户行为因素进行能耗研究和应用的工作相对不足。因此，在建筑设计阶段，集成用户行为因素进行能耗预测是本文研究的重点。

本文在研究中，首先对用户行为、BIM（Building Information Modeling）技术和集成设计技术进行理论分析。针对能耗分析过程对用户行为研究和应用的不足，利用BIM技术的信息集成优势，在BIM环境下建立集成用户行为的建筑能耗设计框架。其次，本文先后从两方面对用户行为进行分析：用户移动行为和用户用能行为。对用户移动行为分析采用事件机制，通过BIM模型和智能体（Agent）技术，建立基于事件的用户移动行为模型。再次，在BIM模型和用户移动行为模型的基础上，建立用户用能行为模型，模拟室内环境、人员和设备三者之间的交互作用，得出室内人员和设备运行工况的时间序列信息。最后，本文以武汉市某办公建筑为例，在BIM环境下集成用户行为后，进行建筑能耗分析，并与传统能耗计算值和实测值进行比对，得出在能耗分析时考虑用户行为的能耗预测值更加接近实际值的结论，说明本文在BIM环境下建立的集成用户行为的建筑能耗分析方法更加合理。此外，从用户类型、用电设备和办公规模三个层次进行节能潜力分析，为运营阶段进行能耗控制提供依据，从用户的角度丰富节能分析内容。

本文通过上述研究，探索能耗分析过程，借鉴集成设计思路对传统建筑能耗设计流程进行优化。将用户用能行为在BIM虚拟建筑环境中进行事前分析，并作为能耗预测的输入数据，研究结果对探索如何提高能耗预测准确性具有借鉴意义。

关键词：建筑能耗；BIM技术；用户行为； Agent技术；集成设计

ABSTRACT

With the increase of ratio of building energy consumption in total energy consumption, countries around the world pay more attention to the forecast analysis and operation control of building energy consumption. There are many factors influencing the prediction accuracy and control effect of building energy consumption, such as maintenance structure, HVAC system and occupant behavior. Currently, scholars have done a lot of research in the field of building energy consumption prediction and the practice work, analyzing the influence of various factors on building energy consumption. However, the research and application of occupant behavior factors are mostly focused on the operation stage of building, and the research on occupant behavior factors in energy consumption design stage is relatively insufficient. Therefore, the focus of this study is the impact of occupant behavior factors on energy consumption prediction in the design phase.

First, this thesis makes a theoretical analysis of BIM technology, integrating design technology and occupant behavior. In view of the lack of research and application of occupant behavior in the design phase of energy consumption, this thesis proposes a BIM energy consumption design framework based on occupant behavior, using the advantage of information integration of BIM. Second, this thesis analyzes occupant behavior from two aspects: personnel movement behavior and occupant behavior. The thesis uses the event mechanism to analyze the movement behavior of occupant and builds occupant movement behavior model. Then, on the basis of occupant movement behavior model and BIM model, a occupant energy behavior model is established to simulate the interactions between the indoor environment, personnel and equipment. Besides, the behavior information of indoor staff and equipment, such as time series and operation mode, is obtained. Finally, taking an office building in Wuhan city as an example, the thesis analysis the occupant behavior in energy consumption and energy consumption based on BIM. At the same time, the thesis compares the proposed method to the traditional method of energy consumption calculation and measured. The conclusion illustrates that the result through the proposed method is closer to the actual value, which indicates the feasibility of this method in energy consumption. In addition, this thesis analyzes the energy saving potential from three levels (occupant type, electric equipment and office scale), which provides the basis for energy consumption control in the operation stage.

In this thesis, the energy consumption in the design stage is explored, and the traditional energy design process is optimized by using integrated design. Prior analysis using occupant behavior is conducted in the BIM environment, and the output is taken as the input data of energy consumption prediction. The research result is of great significance to explore the improvement method of the prediction accuracy of the energy consumption.

Key Words：Building Energy Consumption; BIM Technology; Occupant Behavior; Agent Technology; Integrated Technology.