基于IFC的地铁盾构隧道参数化生成设计

王昱

摘 要

随着我国城镇化建设的不断深入，地铁以其在缓解城市交通拥堵，提升城市交通设施方面的显著优势，使全国各大中城市掀起了地铁建设浪潮。在地铁隧道建设领域，隧道模型的设计目前仍停留在二维的平面设计层面。然而，二维设计方法在可视化、信息集成、成果转换等方面有着先天的劣势，并不适用于隧道工程中设计参数丰富、构件关联复杂的异形结构的设计。随着Building Information Model（BIM）的应用价值在建筑行业愈发凸显，盾构隧道建设从业者们开始逐步引入BIM平台，服务隧道模型的设计工作。然而，盾构隧道模型设计的难点在于隧道并不是由诸多管片简单几何堆砌而成的，而是需要以隧道设计轴线为拟合目标，通过拟合排版计算，明确每个管环中所有待拼装管片的位置，进而形成隧道整体模型。因此，采用传统的直接由设计人员通过管环复制、拼接和旋转“画”BIM的方法并不能生成准确的隧道施工图模型。鉴于此，设计人员迫切的需要一种能够随着隧道设计参数调整，自动计算管片位置排布的生成设计方法，使之快速准确的生成隧道模型，用于指导隧道后续的施工过程。这本质上是一种参数化生成设计的思路。

目前实现隧道生成设计面临的主要问题包括：（1）现有BIM平台尚未包含盾构隧道相关的建筑构件，构件的信息标准缺失；（2）缺乏适用于参数化设计的管片拼装拟合排版算法，计算机无法识别管片等隧道构件间的关系；（3）缺乏利用参数化设计工具，同步输出拟合排版方案和隧道模型的参数化设计方法；（4）Industry Foundation Classes（IFC）标准是拓展隧道构件的良好途径，但现阶段基于IFC的隧道拓展研究将隧道构件视为独立的个体，没有从施工流程的角度考虑构件设计信息的关联性和约束条件，使得其隧道IFC模型无法用于管片等隧道构件的生成设计。

为此，本文结合管片拼装这一具体施工流程，提出了一种基于IFC的隧道参数化生成设计方法。在分析盾构隧道参数化设计需求和面临问题的基础上，首先梳理了盾构隧道管片拼装和IFC标准相关理论，运用齐次变换数学方法，提出全新算法解决拟合排版问题。然后从管片拼装施工流程的角度，建立了盾构隧道管片拼装IFC拓展模型，解决隧道构件信息标准的合理性问题。最后借助参数化设计工具，构建隧道模型的生成逻辑，并将管片IFC文件和拟合排版算法导入，实现了隧道模型的快速准确生成。实证验证结果表明，本文提出的基于IFC的参数化生成设计方法能够快速输出信息完备且准确的隧道模型。该方法既解决了设计阶段的生成设计问题，还可用于施工阶段管片拼装的误差控制和动态纠偏，具有重要的工程应用价值。

关键词：盾构隧道；管片拼装；拟合排版；IFC拓展模型；参数化生成设计

ABSTRACT

With the continuous deepening of China’s urbanization construction, the metro has taken advantage of its significant advantages in alleviating urban traffic congestion and enhancing urban transport facilities, which has created a wave of subway construction in major cities across the country. In the field of subway tunnel construction, the design of the tunnel model is still at the level of 2D plane design. However, 2D design methods have inherent disadvantages in visualization, information integration, and achievement conversion, and are not suitable for the design of heterogeneous structures with rich design parameters and complex component association in tunnel engineering. As the application value of BIM (Building Information Model) becomes more prominent in the construction industry, shield tunnel construction practitioners have gradually introduced the BIM platform and service tunnel model design work to express the 3D spatial relationship in building structural components. However, the difficulty in designing a shield tunnel model is that the tunnel is not a simple geometric pile of many segments. Instead, with tunnel design axis as the fitting target, it needs to arrange all the segment positions in each ring through typesetting calculations, and to form an overall tunnel model. Therefore, the traditional "painting" BIM method, which has to copy, splice, and rotate rings directly, cannot generate an accurate tunnel construction drawing model. In view of this, designers urgently need a generation design method that can automatically calculate the location of the segments as the tunnel design parameters are adjusted, so that the tunnel model can be quickly and accurately generated to guide the subsequent construction process of the tunnel. This is essentially a parametric generative design idea.

At present, the main problems to realize the generation and design of tunnel segments include: (1) The existing BIM platform does not include the relevant building components of the shield tunnel, and the information standards of the components are missing; (2) The lack of a suitable typesetting algorithm for parametric design, causing the computer impossible to identify the relationship between the tunnel componets such as segments; (3) There is a lack of parameterized design methods that use parametric design tools, simultaneous output fitting typesetting schemes, and shield tunnel models. (4) The IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) standard is a good way to expand the relevant components of the tunnel. However, at present, the IFC-based shield tunneling research only presents the IFC model of the shield tunnel from the perspective of design information. It does not consider the rationality in the view of construction process, making the current IFC-tunnel model cannot be used for the generation design of tunnel components such as segment.

For this reason, combined with the segment assembly construction process, this paper proposes an IFC-based parameterized tunnel design method. Based on the analysis of the parameterized design requirements and problems of shield tunneling, the theory of shield tunnel assembly and IFC standard were firstly combed, and a new algorithm was proposed to solve the typesetting problem and by using homogeneous transformation mathematics. Then, from the perspective of segment assembly process, the IFC extension model for shield tunnel segment assembly was established to solve the rationality problem of the tunnel component information standard. Finally, with the aid of the parameterized design tool, the generation logic of the tunnel model is constructed, and the IFC file of the segment and the typesetting algorithm are imported to realize the rapid and accurate generation of the tunnel model. The empirical verification results show that the IFC-based parametric generation design method proposed in this paper can quickly output a complete and accurate tunnel model. This method not only solves the problem of generating design in the design stage, but also can be used for error control and dynamic rectification of segment assembly in the construction stage, which has important engineering application value.

Keywords: Sheild Tunnel; Segment Assembly; Segment Typesetting; IFC Extension Model; Parametric Generation Design.