居住环境对人心理健康的影响研究

——基于临床数据的实证分析

李诗琪

摘 要

随着我国城市化的快速发展，在给城市居住环境带来巨大改善的同时，也给居民身心健康造成了一定的影响。近年来的一些证据表明，诸如居住拥挤、交通堵塞、空气污染等环境问题都会对居民的心理健康产生负面作用。基于此，为深入探索多层次多角度的城市居住环境与人心理健康之间的联系，本文在对环境心理学和健康城市理念进行理论论述的基础上，开展了一系列实证研究，揭示了各种居住环境因素对人心理健康的作用。

首先，为获得对影响心理健康的居住环境因素的全面认识，本研究采用文献计量法对国内外居住环境与心理健康相关实证类文献进行分析，整理归纳出了4种居住环境因素获取途径和43个居住环境关键因素。紧接着，为了进一步研究这些因素对居民心理健康的影响，本研究基于文献分析和实地考察，设计了一套调研问卷，并选择武汉市同济医院开展临床调研。最后，在收集到了558份有效临床问卷及对应的临床抑郁诊断信息后，通过绘制可视化相关矩阵，确定了31个抑郁疾病风险性因素，并分别采用随机森林算法和关联规则算法进行居住环境单因素作用分析和多因素联合作用分析。通过建立随机森林评价模型，一共确定了12个会对抑郁疾病产生显著影响的居住环境因素，依照重要性由大到小分别是：空气质量、室内噪音、室内光照、污染源、安全设施、独居、交通拥堵、商业设施可达性、住房设施、住房所有权、住房结构质量和住房靠近主要街道。其中，住房环境中对居民抑郁疾病影响最大的是涉及室内物理环境的因素，而住区环境中影响最大的是涉及环境污染方面的因素；通过关联规则数据挖掘，一共确定了61条双因素关联规则和25条三因素关联规则。研究结果显示，从提升抑郁疾病的发生率来看，中高龄与住区缺乏公共服务设施的组合对抑郁疾病的影响最为显著；从对抑郁疾病的贡献程度来看，居住环境拥挤和住区缺乏公共服务设施在联合作用于抑郁疾病的过程中贡献最大。根据分析结果，从城市规划、物业服务等多个角度出发，对城市住区规划、住区管理、住房改进等多方面提出了建议和措施，为我国城市居住环境改进和健康城市建设提供借鉴。

关键词：居住环境；心理健康；实证分析；随机森林；关联规则

Abstract

The rapid development of urbanization has brought many changes to the urban residential environment, such as high-density population, traffic congestion, air pollution and other issues. These problems may pose threat to the physical and mental health of residents. Based on this, to explore the relationship between urban residential environment and human mental health, a series of empirical studies have been carried out based on the theoretical discussion of environmental psychology and healthy city.

In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the residential environment factors, the bibliometric method was used to analyze the empirical research of the residential environment and mental health. Four ways to obtain the residential environment factors and 43 key factors of the residential environment were summarized. In order to further explore the influence of these factors on residents' mental health, a set of questionnaire was designed based on literature analysis and field investigation. Clinical investigation was carried out in Wuhan Tongji Hospital. After the 558 effective clinical questionnaires and the corresponding clinical depression diagnosis information were collected, 31 depression risk factors were determined by drawing the visual correlation matrix. In addition, random forest and association rules algorithm were used to analyze the effects of single residential environment factor and multiple residential environment factors to depression. By establishing a random forest evaluation model, a total of 16 factors that have a significant impact on the depression have been identified. Order by importance: air quality, indoor noise, indoor lighting, pollutions, safety facilities, solitude, traffic congestion, commercial accessibility, housing facilities, housing ownership, housing structure quality and housing proximity to streets. Among them, as for the housing environment, factors that related to the indoor physical environment are the most influential factors; as for the community environment, factors that related to the environmental pollution are the most influential factors. Through the association rules for data mining, a total of 61 two-factor association rules and 25 three-factor association rules was identified. From the result, in terms of increasing the risk of depression, the combination of elder and lack of public service facilities has the most significant impact on depression; from the degree of contribution to the depression, crowed residential conditions and the lack of public service facilities contribute most to the depression. According to the analysis results of this study, from the perspectives of urban planning department, property service enterprise and resident individual, suggestions and measures are put forward for urban residential area planning, community management, housing improvement and other aspects to improve the residential environment in China. Provide reference for the construction of healthy cities. According to the results, from the aspects of urban planning, property service and so on, some suggestions and measures were put forward form the aspects of urban land planning, community management, housing improvement and so on, which can provide reference for the improvement of urban residential environment and healthy urban construction in China.

Key words: Residential Environment; Mental Health; Empirical Analysis; Random Forest; Association Rules