基于区块链的施工现场环境污染管理平台及参与方行为研究

张鹭

摘 要

当前建筑工地噪声、扬尘、污水、固体废弃物无序排放问题频发。施工方是建筑施工现场环境治理的主体，地方政府对施工方的监管是落实施工现场环境保护制度的关键。一方面，当前的研究对施工现场环境污染管理参与方决策行为揭示不足，因此需要理清施工方和地方政府的利益关系并揭示其策略选择。另一方面，施工现场环境数据保存在纸质媒介或中心化数据库中，无法保证数据的真实性，区块链技术具有去中心化、防篡改、可追溯、自动执行等特点，具有解决以上问题的潜力。

针对上述问题，本文首先分析基于区块链的施工现场环境污染管理平台的参与方行为，阐述施工污染治理困境、利益诉求并提出博弈假设，在此基础上构建了施工方和地方政府之间的博弈模型，计算双方的收益矩阵并构建二维复制动态系统，分析地方政府和施工方的演化均衡策略，最后利用MATLAB模拟了系统演化过程。其次，构建了施工现场环境污染管理模型，从施工噪声、大气污染、固体废弃物、光污染和水污染五个维度设计了施工现场环境污染管理效用评价体系，在此基础上设计了基于区块链的施工现场环境污染管理平台（Blockchain-based Platform for On-site Construction Environmental Management， B-OCEM），最后基于Hyperledger Fabric开发了一个系统原型，阐述了环境数据共识上链流程、智能合约内容，利用实验室数据验证了系统的可行性。

研究表明，中央政府及公众对地方政府采用B-OCEM平台的支持度会对地方政府的策略选择产生扭转性作用，地方政府的奖惩制度是影响施工方行为的主要因素。区块链可以向参与者提供真实可信的施工现场环境数据，并通过实施智能合约来提高环境监测的效率和可靠性，改善施工现场环境污染管理。

关键词： 施工现场；环境污染；区块链；智能合约；参与方行为分析

Abstract

At present, the disorderly discharge of noise, dust, sewage and solid waste often occurs in construction sites. The constructor is the main body of environmental governance at the construction site,and the local government's supervision of the constructor is the key to implementing the environmental protection system at the construction site. On the one hand, the current research does not reveal enough about the decision-making behavior of the construction site environmental management participants, so it is necessary to clarify the interest relationship between the constructor and the local government and reveal their strategic choices. On the other hand, the construction site environmental data is stored in paper and centralized databases, so the authenticity of the data cannot be guaranteed. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, tamper-proof, traceability, and automatic execution, which has the potential to solve the problems.

In response to the above problems, this paper first analyzes the behavior of the participants in the construction site environmental management platform based on blockchain, expounds the dilemma of construction pollution control and interest demands, and puts forward game assumptions. On this basis, the game model between the constructor and the local government is constructed, the profit matrix of both parties is calculated, and a two-dimensional replication dynamic system is constructed. The evolution equilibrium strategy of the local government and the construction party is analyzed, and finally the system evolution process is simulated by MATLAB. Secondly, the construction site environmental management model is constructed, and the construction site environmental management utility evaluation system is designed from the five dimensions of construction noise, air pollution, solid waste, light pollution and water pollution. On this basis, the blockchain-based platform for on-site construction environmental management (B-OCEM) is designed. Finally,this paper developed a system prototype based on Hyperledger Fabric, and describes the environmental data consensus chain process and smart contract content, and uses laboratory data to verify the feasibility of the system.

The research shows that the support of the central government and the public for the local government to adopt the B-OCEM platform will have a reversing effect on the strategy choice of the local government, and the local government's reward and punishment system are the main factors affecting the behavior of the constructor. Blockchain can provide participants with authentic and credible construction site environmental data, and improve the efficiency and reliability of environmental monitoring by implementing smart contracts, which can improve construction site environmental management.

Key words: Construction Site, Environmental Pollution, Blockchain, Smart Contract, Participant Behavior Analysis