基于用能行为的办公空间能耗模拟与优化方法研究

杨志刚

摘 要

在中国“碳达峰”和“碳中和”背景下，建筑业作为能耗最多的行业，实现建筑业的低碳发展对推动我国高质量发展和全面现代化建设具有重大意义。其中，办公建筑由于其能耗占比大、增长速度快，具有较大的节能潜力，因此做好其运行节能工作对我国建筑节能取得实质性成效具有重要意义。目前，关于办公建筑的节能研究主要是通过建筑三维模型进行不同环境状态下的能耗模拟，很少考虑人员行为对运行能耗的影响。本研究考虑了不同人员的用能行为，结合高斯混合模型、系统聚类和机器学习算法，提出了基于用能行为的办公空间能耗模拟与优化方法，对办公建筑的节能发展具有一定的指导意义。具体内容包括：

（1）提出了办公人员用能行为分类方法。利用传感器收集人员用电量、照明和空调系统能耗，重点分析了办公人员用能特征，提出了基于高斯混合模型的用能行为分类方法。结合超宽带定位技术，验证了用能行为分类方法的有效性。

（2）提出了以节能为目标的办公空间优化方法。通过对人员用能行为进行聚类分析，得到具有相似用能行为的人员聚类簇，进一步结合用能行为相似度和基于多变量自适应回归样条的能耗预测模型对办公空间进行优化调整。

（3）提出了基于人员用能信息和建筑空间参数数据的能耗模拟方法。基于Rhino和Grasshopper平台进行参数化建模，结合建筑BIM模型，以人员用能信息和建筑空间数据作为数据输入，实现了优化前后建筑用能情况的可视化。

最后基于上述方法对校园内某办公建筑进行能耗管理，通过为期三十天的能耗监测和空间布局优化，划分的四个办公区域的节能效果分别达到：13.86%、20%、21.95%和13.35%。结果表明提出的方法在建筑节能方面具有可行性和可靠性。本研究为办公建筑节能提供了新的研究思路，同时为办公建筑的精细化管理提供了理论依据和实践方法。

关键词：办公建筑；用能行为；建筑能耗；空间优化；能耗模拟

Abstract

Under the background of "carbon peak and neutrality " goal in China, the construction industry generates the most energy consumption in the whole industry, and realizing the low-carbon development of the construction industry is of great significance to promoting my country's high-quality development and comprehensive modernization. Due to its large proportion of energy consumption and fast growth rate, office buildings have great energy saving potential. Therefore, it is of great significance to do a good job of energy-saving to achieve substantial results in building energy conservation. At present, the energy management of office buildings mainly studies energy consumption simulation under different environmental states through the three-dimensional model of the building, and rarely considers the impact of personnel behavior on operating energy consumption. Therefore, considering occupant activities, combined with Gaussian mixture model, system clustering and machine learning algorithm, an energy consumption simulation and optimization method for office space based on energy consumption behavior classification is proposed in this study, which has guiding significance for the development of energy-saving office buildings. The main work of this research are as follows:

(1) A classification method of the energy-use behavior of office workers is proposed. The energy consumption of personnel, lighting and air-conditioning systems is collected by sensors, and the energy consumption characteristics of office personnel are analyzed, and a classification method of energy-use behavior based on Gaussian Mixture Model is proposed. Combined with the ultra-wideband positioning technology, the validity of the energy-use behavior classification method is verified.

(2) An optimization method of office space with the goal of energy efficiency is proposed. Through the cluster analysis of energy-use behaviors, the clusters of people with similar energy-use behaviors are obtained. The optimization and adjustment of personnel space position and office function space are further combined with the similarity of personnel energy-use behavior and the energy consumption prediction model based on multivariate adaptive regression spline.

(3) An energy consumption simulation method based on personnel energy consumption information and building spatial parameter data is proposed. Based on Rhino and Grasshopper platform for parametric modeling, Building Information Modeling (BIM) and parametric energy consumption model are coupled. It realizes the effective combination of energy consumption behavior, space optimization and energy consumption simulation with personnel energy consumption information and building space data as data input.

Finally, based on the above method, the energy consumption management of an office building on campus is carried out. Through 30 days of energy consumption monitoring and space layout optimization, the energy saving effects of the four divided office areas have reached: 13.86%, 20%, 21.95% and 13.35%. The results show that the proposed method is feasible and reliable in building energy efficiency. The research provides new idea about improving energy efficiency for the office building. At the same time, it provides theoretical basis and practical methods for the refined management of office buildings.

Key words: Office Building, Energy-use Behavior, Building Energy Consumption, Space Layout Optimization，Energy Simulation