适老型居住建筑设计关键技术体系研究

杨征

摘 要

在人口老龄化日趋严重的当下，符合老年人生理和心理需求的居住建筑环境能够极大地提高老年人的生活质量、缓解社会的养老压力。但是，目前缺乏能满足老年人居住需求的建筑指导规范，适老型居住建筑的建设缺乏系统规划和理论指导。因此，本文结合系统理论和复杂网络建模的方法，研究了适老型居住建筑设计关键技术体系。全文主要工作内容如下：

首先，通过对老年人需求和现有适老型建筑标准的分析，总结了包含物理环境设计、建筑设计、养老服务、医疗服务、信息设施、建筑设备六部分适老型居住建筑的建设框架，并基于现有的建筑标准分析，得到了适老型居住建筑的建设要点。其次，利用系统理论的分析流程，对适老型居住建筑设计技术体系的系统目标、系统范围、系统约束和系统结构进行分析，构建了适老型居住建筑设计关键技术体系。进一步，通过复杂网络方法，运用Pajek软件计算标准节点的点度中心性，以此判断在关键技术研究过程中需要重点参考的专业标准、主要参考的规范内容和每一项措施做法的重要程度，得到在实际工程中需要重视的关键因素，形成了基于重要度分层的适老型居住建筑设计关键技术体系。最后，通过某医院的病房适老化改造案例，结合老年病房改造需求，以适老型居住建筑设计关键技术体系为指导，优化了该医院的病房适老化改造方案，通过比较方案优化前后的效果，分析和验证了本研究提出的适老型居住建筑设计关键技术体系的科学性和实用性。该技术体系能够有效地指导居住建筑的适老化建设，帮助实现老年人居住建筑健康、安全、方便的目标。

关键词： 适老化；居住建筑；系统理论；复杂网络

Abstract

With the aging of the population becoming more and more serious, a residential building environment that meets the physical demands and physiogical demands of the elderly can greatly improve the quality of life of the elderly and ease the social pension pressure. However, there is currently a lack of building guidelines that can meet the living demands of the elderly, and the construction of suitable residential buildings lacks systematic planning and theoretical guidance. Therefore, this study uses the systematic theoretical analysis method and complex networks to analyse the key technology system framework for the design of residential buildings suitable for the elderly. The main contents of the full text are as follows:

First, through the analysis of the demands of the elderly and the existing standards of suitable buildings for the elderly, the framework of suitable residential buildings for the elderly, is summarized, including physical environment design, architectural design, elderly care services, medical services, information facilities, and building equipment. Based on the analysis of existing building standards, the construction points of suitable residential buildings for the elderly are obtained. Secondly, using the system theory analysis technology to optimize the system objective, system scope and system constraints of the system, and construct the system structure, the key technology system for the design of suitable residential buildings for the elderly is generated. After that, by constructing a complex network and using Pajek software to calculate the point-degree centrality of standard nodes, in order to judge the professional standards that need to be referred to in the process of key technology research, the normative content of the main reference and the importance of each measure. The key factors that need to be paid attention to in the actual project are obtained, and the key technology system for the design of elderly-friendly residential buildings based on the importance stratification is formed. Finally, through the case of a hospital's ward suitable for aging renovation, combined with the demands of elderly wards renovation, the scheme is optimized for the key technical system of residential building design suitable for the elderly, and the effect before and after the optimization of the scheme is compared. The scientificity and practicability of the key technical system of residential building design. The technical system can effectively guide the aging-appropriate construction of residential buildings and help achieve the goals of health, safety and convenience in residential buildings for the elderly.

Key words: Elderly-friendly, Residential building, System theory, Complex network