适老化住宅功能空间设计研究——基于CHARLS数据的实证分析

崔宁丹

摘  要

人口老龄化背景下，以“居家养老”为主的养老模式对于适老化住宅提出了更高的要求。作为老年人居家生活的基本保障，适老化住宅设计应当满足老年人生理以及心理需求。老年人的心理健康对于老年人的居家生活质量以及幸福感有着十分重要的影响。然而，现有适老化住宅的研究缺乏对于老年人心理健康层面的关注。因此，探究适老化住宅的设计对于老年人心理健康的影响关系具有深刻意义。

本文首先对于国内外适老化住宅发展及研究现状进行了梳理，分析我国适老化住宅面临的困境，发现当前我国适老化住宅需求设计与功能空间规划不相匹配。为了更好地推动适老化住宅的发展，探究符合老年人心理健康需求的适老化住宅功能空间设计方案。首先，作者基于中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）2015年横断面数据，以通过数据筛选后的4968个中老年人为研究对象，在调整混杂因素影响的基础上，构建Logistic回归模型，分析住宅功能空间设计对中老年人心理健康状况的影响关系。然后，基于CHARLS纵向队列数据（2011-2015年）中符合条件的4741个中老年人研究样本，在调整混杂因素影响的基础上构建Cox比例风险回归模型，探究住宅功能空间设计与响应时间共同作用下对中老年人心理健康的影响关系。研究结果表明，住宅面积、客厅数量、卫生间数量、阳台数量对于中老年人的心理健康状况均具有显著影响关系。除此之外，卧室以及厨房的数量对于中老年人心理健康无显著影响关系，卧室数量主要依据家庭成员人数及使用需求决定。

值得一提的是，适老化住宅不等同于仅为老年人提供居住功能的老年住宅，而应是满足老年人与子女共同居住的多代居住宅。因此结合数据分析结果，建议适老化住宅功能空间配置可以依据使用需求以及经济承受能力，设置为两室一厅两卫一厨一阳台或者是三室两厅两卫一厨一阳台。

最后，本文运用Dynamo参数化设计方法，依据Logistic回归和Cox比例风险回归分析结果，以“三室两厅两卫一厨一阳台”为例，对适老化住宅功能空间规划进行了参数化生成设计。通过Refinery衍生式设计，比选出同时符合相邻偏好以及噪声标准的适老化住宅功能空间设计方案的一系列合适备选方案，为适老化住宅功能空间设计提供了参考。

本文研究数据来自于中国健康与养老追踪调查，打破了现有适老化住宅研究缺乏实证数据支撑的局限，丰富了我国适老化住宅在心理健康层面的研究，对于推进实现“健康中国”目标具有一定的现实意义。

关键词：适老化住宅；心理健康；Logistic回归；Cox比例风险回归；参数化设计

Abstract

Under the background of population aging, the “home-based pension” -based pension model puts forward higher requirements for Elderly-Oriented residences. As the basic guarantee for the elderly ’s home life, the elderly-oriented residence design should meet the physical and psychological needs of the elderly. Existing research on elderly-oriented residences focuses on the physical health needs of the elderly, but the mental health of the elderly has an important impact on the quality of life and happiness of the elderly. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the relationship between the design of aging housing and the mental health of the elderly.

This paper first sorts out the development and research status of suitable aging housing at home and abroad, analyzes the difficulties faced by my country's suitable aging housing, and finds that the current demand design of our suitable aging housing does not match the functional space planning. In order to better promote the development of age-appropriate residences, explore the functional space design plan of age-appropriate residences that meet the mental health needs of the elderly. First, based on the 2015 cross-sectional data of the China Health and Elderly Care Survey (CHARLS), the authors selected 4968 middle-aged and elderly people who have passed the data screening as research objects, and based on the adjustment of the influence of confounding factors, built a Logistic regression model to analyze the relationship between residential functional space design and the mental health of middle-aged and elderly people. Then, based on the 4741 middle-aged and elderly research samples in the CHARLS longitudinal cohort data (2011-2015), the Cox proportional hazards regression model was constructed on the basis of adjusting the influence of confounding factors to explore the relationship between residential functional space design and response time on the mental health of middle-aged and elderly people. The results of the study show that the residential area, the number of living rooms, bathrooms, and balconies all have a significant impact on the mental health of the elderly. In addition, the number of bedrooms and kitchens has no significant impact on the mental health of middle-aged and elderly people. The number of bedrooms is mainly determined by the number of family members and usage needs.

It is worth mentioning that Elderly-Oriented residences is not equivalent to the old-age house that only provides the living function for the elderly, but should be a multi-generation house that meets the needs of the elderly and their children. Therefore, combined with the data analysis results, it is recommended that the functional space configuration of the Elderly-Oriented residences can be set up as two rooms, one hall, two bathrooms, one kitchen and one balcony or three rooms, two halls, two bathrooms, one kitchen and one balcony according to the use requirements and economic affordability.

Finally, this paper uses the Dynamo parametric design method, based on Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis results, taking "three rooms, two halls, two bathrooms, one kitchen and one balcony" as an example, a parametric generation design for the functional space planning of Elderly-Oriented residences. Through the Refinery-derived design, a series of suitable alternatives for the design of suitable aging residential functional spaces that meet both neighboring preferences and noise standards are selected, which provides a reference for the design of suitable aging residential functional spaces.

The research data in this article comes from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, which breaks the limitation of the lack of empirical data support for the research on Elderly-Oriented residences, enriches the research on the mental health level of Elderly-Oriented residences in my country, and has certain practical significance for promoting the realization of the "Healthy China" goal.

Key Words：Elderly-Oriented Residence; Functional space; Mental health; Logistic regression; Cox proportional hazards regression; parametric design