摘要

降低建筑物的碳排放被视为中国气候变化解决方案中的关键途径之一。施工过程碳排放是建筑物全生命周期碳排放的重要组成部分，具有排放强度大，与施工方案相关性强的特点，对施工碳排放的优化控制可带来较大的减排效应。因此，对建筑施工阶段的碳排放研究意义重大。在施工过程中贯彻低碳理念，加强对施工方案的过程控制和碳排放的准确计量，是实现低碳施工的有效途径。
   本文基于碳排放相关理论，构建了建筑施工碳排放理论应用体系，提出在不同基础理论的支持下，从施工碳排放的计量、低碳方案的目标优化和低碳方案的管控体系三个方面开展建筑施工碳排放的研究。
首先，基于生命周期评价等基础理论，在分析建筑施工过程碳排放来源和范围的基础上，提出了基于离散事件仿真的施工碳排放计量模型和方法，并选用某展馆钢结构桁架拼吊装工程，在 Extend仿真平台中进行实例分析，模拟建设过程的碳排放，仿真结果证明了所构建模型的准确性和必要性。
   其次，在碳排放离散仿真计量方法的应用基础上，提出将低碳排作为建筑工程的重要约束目标之一，并建立基于灰色关联分析的建筑施工多目标优化模型。根据所构建的离散仿真模型和实际工艺优化需求，对所研究案例中的机械配置重新进行组合，设计三种施工方案情景，共36种机械配置方案，分别进行离散仿真模拟，从碳排放、成本、进度三个目标分别进行了统计和对比分析，并选出最优化方案，实现了施工碳排放的准确测评以及低碳约束下施工方案的优选。
   最后，构建了基于BIM的施工低碳管控体系并开发可视化仿真系统，不但实现了BIM平台下建筑节材的自动统计和合规性评价，并有效集成了BIM可视化技术和离散仿真技术，实现了两者之间从活动对象、资源投入到仿真数据之间的信息转化，为建筑物施工期的低碳化管理提供了一种动态的可视化方法，同时集成力学数值分析技术，确保了低碳目标下施工方案的优化和实施的可靠性。
   本文构建基于离散事件仿真的施工碳排放计量方法和优化模型，是对传统LCA评价法的补充和完善；同时，构建基于BIM仿真技术的低碳施工管控体系并开发可视化仿真系统，实现了对施工过程低碳目标的可视化模拟和控制。本文为建筑施工过程碳排放测评的研究和实践提供了新的视角和方法，具有重要的指导意义。

关键词：施工碳排放碳排放计量离散事件仿真多目标优化  BIM可视化仿真

Research onMeasurement and Control of Low Carbon Construction Process based on VirtualSimulation

Feifei Fu

Abstract

Reducing carbon emission of construction is regarded as one of the most crucial approaches for resolving climate change in China. As one of the sources, the carbon emission during the construction process shares much less proportion than that during the operation and maintenance of the construction. However, it is more concentrate and intense in a short time. Moreover, comparing with the long-term uncertainty of control during the operation and maintenance, the carbon emission of construction has distinct correlation with construction scheme. Optimization of the scheme could bring remarkable effect of reducing carbon emission. Therefore, carbon emission produced during the construction process cannot be neglected. To implement the low carbon concept in construction process to carry out, and to strengthen the control of construction scheme, construction technology and construction materials, is the powerful guarantee to realize low carbon construction entity.

Based on the related theory of carbon emission, this thesis establishes the application system of the construction carbon theory, and proposes the research of the construction carbon emissions should be conducted from the three aspects - the measurement of construction carbon emissions, the goal optimization of and the control system of low carbon scheme under the support of the different basic theory.
Firstly, based on the theory of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and analysis of measurement framework of carbon emission during construction process, a construction carbon emission assessment model is developed by using discrete event simulation. As a case study, steel structure truss of an exhibition hall is analyzed in Extend simulation platform. The carbon emission during the construction is modeled. The reliability and necessity of the developed model is proved by the result of the simulation.
Secondly, a multi-objective optimization model based on grey correlation analysis is established. According to the developed discrete simulation model and optimization requirement of the actual process, machinery arrangement is reassigned in the case study. Three scenarios, 36 schemes are set up for comparing and analyzing from perspectives of three objectives, carbon emission, cost, progress. Afterwards, the optimal scheme is selected, which achieves the accurate assessment of carbon emission and optimization of machinery arrangement in the construction.
Finally, low carbon construction control system based on BIM simulation technology and the visualization management platform is developed, not only can realize the automatic statistics and compliance evaluation of building materials, but also can integrate BIM visualization and discrete simulation of construction carbon emission. Which achieves the information transfers of active objects, resource investments, and simulation data between both sides. Meanwhile, 4D construction visualization simulation system is built by integrating the mechanics numerical analysis technology, which ensures the reliability and implementation of the optimization of construction scheme under the low carbon targets.
This thesis supplements and completes the traditional LCA through developing the construction carbon emission assessment method based on the discrete event simulation and multi-objective optimization model. The establishment of low carbon construction control system based on BIM simulation technology and development of the visualization management platform of low construction carbon emission achieves the visualized simulation and control of the objective of the construction process. The thesis has important guiding significance and provides new perspective and approach for research and practice of carbon emission assessment during construction process.

Keywords: Construction Carbon Emission    Carbon Emission Measurement    Discrete Event Simulation   Multi-Objective Optimization    BIM Visual Simulation