基于无人机的市政道路土方工程三维实景建模及应用研究

瞿 钰

摘 要

我国的城镇化进程不断加快，市政基础设施的需求量也逐步增加，与此同时对于工程的建造效率也提出较高的要求。土方工程是市政道路工程的重要环节，土方的施工效率和施工质量对市政道路整体质量具有显著影响。近年来，由于管理粗放化导致施工进度滞后、资源浪费、施工效率不高的现象，因此，如何改善市政道路土方工程施工的管理手段，是当前亟待解决的难题。

为此，本文引入了基于无人机的市政道路土方工程的管控方式，通过无人机这一飞行平台搭载相应数据采集设备实现对土方施工现场的三维场景建模，利用模型中的数据信息实现对工程施工的实时、量化管控。首先，本文结合市政道路施工现场的特点，提出道路土方对三维模型的场景需求，然后分别建立以无人机搭载激光LiDAR扫描技术为基础及以无人机航拍技术为基础的同一市政道路工程实景模型，并建立评价指标对以上两种方式建模所得出的结果进行分析。研究表明，基于无人机航拍的三维实景建模方式其精度满足现场模型的场景需求，且该方法模型生成速度快，其适用性高于基于无人机激光LiDAR扫描的三维实景建模方式。

最后，以武汉某市政道路项目为背景验证了基于无人机航拍的三维实景建模方式的有效性。结论表明，该方法可以实现市政道路土方工程的三维实景建模，克服了传统三维建模技术的不足，为施工现场土方工程施工进度的数字化实时管控提供可靠的技术支持。通过该方法可更好地提供项目现状信息，提高项目的施工效率，解决土方施工现场由于粗放化管理模式所带来的问题，对实现土方施工现场精细化管控具有重大意义。

关键词：三维实景建模；激光扫描；图像建模；市政道路；无人机

Abstract

Since the process of urbanization is accelerating, the demand for municipal infrastructure increases as well, which efficiency of construction project is highly required. The earthwork plays an important role in municipal road construction, not only its efficiency but also quality of the construction has a significant impact on the overall road quality. Recently, because of the extensive management, the construction progress were lagged behind while resource were not fully used. Hence, how to improve the ways of construction management needs to be solved for now.

For this reason, this paper introduces a method of managing the municipal road earthwork construction site based on UAV. By using UAV as the flight platform carring data collecting equipment, the earthwork construction sites could be modeled as three-dimensional form and be controlled in a real time. Firstly, combining with the characteristics of the municipal road construction site, this paper puts forward the scene requirements of the road earth work for the three-dimensional model, and then respectively establishes the same municipal road model based on the UAV equipped with lidar scanning technology and image modeling technology. After building the road model in a different way, the evaluation index to analyze the modeling results is established. The results show that the accuracy of the 3D modeling method based on UAV aerial photography meets the scene requirements, this method also has a fast speed of model generation and its applicability is higher than the method that based on laser lidar scanning.

Last but not the least, the effectiveness of 3D modeling method based on UAV aerial photography is verified in the background of a municipal road project in Wuhan. The conclusion shows that this method can be well used in building the municipal road model which overcome the shortcomings of traditional 3D modeling technology, and provide reliable technical support for the digital real-time control of earthwork construction progress in the construction site. Through this way, the real-time information of construction sites could be better provided while the efficiency of the construction process could be improved, which has large significant of realizing the construction site fine control.

Keywords: 3D real-time modeling; Laser scanning; Image-based modeling; Municipal road; UAV